Používanie hormonálnej antikoncepcie negatívne pôsobí na fyziologickú expresiu génov (vyjadrenie informácie, ktorú gén nesie) ľudského genómu, čím zvyšuje riziko závažných chorôb vrátane rakoviny.
Podľa Medzinárodnej agentúry pre výskum rakoviny (IARC) „existujú dostatočné dôkazy o karcinogenite kombinovanej perorálnej estrogén-progestagénovej antikoncepcie u ľudí. Kombinovaná perorálna estrogén-progestagénová antikoncepcia spôsobuje rakovinu prsníka, in-situ a invazívnu rakovinu krčka maternice a rakovinu pečene” (IARC, 2012[i]). Kombinovaná perorálna antikoncepcia významne zvyšuje riziko rakoviny prsníka najmä u mladých žien, ktoré ju začali používať pred 20 rokom života (Mørch a kol., 2017[ii], Imkampe a kol., 2012[iii]). Podobne, ak sa užíva v mladom veku alebo dlhodobo, zvyšuje riziko rakoviny krčka maternice (International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer, 2007[iv], IARC, 2002[v]) a pečene (Petrick a kol., 2020[vi], Hsing a kol., 1992[vii]).
V ďalších štúdiách užívanie perorálnej antikoncepcie významne zvýšilo riziko rakoviny mozgu (Andersen, 2015[viii]), melanómu kože (Sun Q a kol., 2020[ix], Cervenka a kol., 2018[x]), skvamocelulárneho/bazocelulárneho karcinómu kože (Oshyvalova a kol., 2019[xi], Kuklinski a kol., 2016[xii]) rakoviny pankreasu (Lee a kol., 2013[xiii], Michels a kol., 2018[xiv]) a rakoviny vonkajších pohlavných orgánov (Brinton a kol., 2017[xv]).
Odborné pramene
[i] World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Pharmaceuticals, Volume 100 (A), Combined Estrogen- Progestogen Contraceptives, Lyon: IARC, 2012:311: „There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogeniciti of combined estrogen−progestogen oral contraceptives. Combined estrogen−progestogen oral contraceptives cause cancer of the breast, in-situ and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix, and cancer of the liver”.
[ii] Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary Hormonal Contraception and the Risk of Breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2017 Dec 7;377(23):2228-2239.
[iii] Imkampe AK, Bates T. Correlation of age at oral contraceptive pill start with age at breast cancer diagnosis. The Breast Journal. 2012 Jan-Feb;18(1):35-40.
[iv] International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer: Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,573 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2007 November; 370 (9599):1609-1621.
[v] Moreno V, Bosch FX, Muñoz N. et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet. 2002 Mar 30;359(9312):1085-92.
[vi] Petrick JL, McMenamin ÚC, Zhang X, et al. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma among women: results from cohort studies in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project and the UK Biobank. British Journal of Cancer. 2020 Jul;123(2):316-324.
[vii] Hsing AW, Hoover RN, McLaughlin JK. et al. Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer among young women. Cancer Causes Control. 1992 Jan;3(1):43-8.
[viii] Andersen L, Friis S, Hallas J, et al. Hormonal contraceptive use and risk of glioma among younger women: a nationwide case-control study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2015;79(4):677-684.
[ix] Sun Q, Sun H, Cong L, Zheng Y, et al. Effects of Exogenous Hormones and Reproductive Factors on Female Melanoma: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Epidemiology. 2020;12:1183-1203.
[x] Cervenka I, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Savoye I, et al. Oral contraceptive use and cutaneous melanoma risk: a French prospective cohort study. International Journal of Cancer. 2018 Nov 15;143(10):2390-2399.
[xi] Оshyvalova ОО, Ziukov OL, Gurianov VG. Prognostic model of skin cancer risk assessment. Wiadomości Lekarskie. 2019;72(5 cz 1):817-822.
[xii] Kuklinski LF, Zens MS, Perry AE, et al. Sex hormones and the risk of keratinocyte cancers among women in the United States: a population-based case-control study. International Journal of Cancer. 2016 Jul;139(2):300-309.
[xiii] Lee E, Horn-Ross PL, Rull RP. et al. Reproductive factors, exogenous hormones, and pancreatic cancer risk in the CTS. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2013 Nov 1;178(9):1403-13.
[xiv] Michels KA, Brinton LA, Pfeiffer RM, Trabert B. Oral Contraceptive Use and Risks of Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2018;187(8):1630-1641.
[xv] Brinton LA, Thistle JE, Liao LM, Trabert B. Epidemiology of vulvar neoplasia in the NIH-AARP Study. Gynecologic Oncology. 2017 May;145(2):298-304.
